Helmholtz Free Energy

F = U - T S

Maximum work extractable at constant T and V. Also denoted A.

Variables

Helmholtz free energy

Available work at const V,T

Internal energy

Total internal energy

Temperature

Absolute temperature

Entropy

System entropy

J/K

F = U - TS. At constant T,V: ΔF = ΔU - TΔS. Minimum F at equilibrium.

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